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The Essay of Xunzi’s Gift School
Author: Chen Yuehui (Sunshan Major Philosophy Department and Intermediary of International Philosophy and Civilization)
Source: The author authorized the Confucian Network to publish, published “Ethics Research” No. 1, 2025
Abstract: Xunzi takes gifts or gifts as the Tao, and his explanation of the origin, effectiveness and meaning of “gifts” are four important. Types: First, the explanation of “there are three books of gifts”, which explains the origin and meaning of gifts such as sacrifices and sacrificials from the perspective of religious humanism; second, the explanation of “the gift is nourished”, which explains the problem that the norms of gifts are needed from the perspective of social and political philosophy; third, the explanation of “the way of the hundred kings”, which explains the structure of “the gift system” from the perspective of historical civilization; fourth, the explanation of “the gift is born from the sages of the sages”, which explains the ability of the sages from humanity. Xunzi’s four explanations of Rong are all filled with wisdom and emotional energy. Through these four explanations of the gift, we can understand the full use of Xunzi’s gift.
Keywords: gift; embrace the boundary; after long-term consideration; knowledge and ability to be
1. Gift is the Tao
Before exploring Xunzi’s four explanations of gift, it is necessary to summarize and interpret the related concepts such as “gift” and “gift” in Xun’s book. “Treasure” is very common in pre-Qin classics and refers to the differences. The public authority divides the two meanings of gifts: “The meaning refers to the literary and artistic conception of the gift, and the meaning refers to all rules and regulations.” [1](108) Gao Chaoshi then divided the three meanings of “gift”: (1) The gift: the ceremony of the gift, such as wedding, crown, ceremonies, and sacrifices. The literary and cultural sentiment of a gift in a specific period; (2) The system of gifts: the system of gifts, such as the organizational principles and norms of the country, society and family; (3) The meaning of gifts: the meaning of gifts, that is, the ethics and value orientation, principles and meaning of gifts, etc. [2](13). The above classification of “gifts” is also suitable for Xunzi, such as the “Xunzi·Travels” (the following is the title list) and the “Travels” and the “Travels” mentioned in “The King’s System” are divided into Baobao.comThe system of gifts, the “Talents” chapter of “Talents” [3](347) belongs to the meaning of gifts. Of course, the meaning of gifts can refer to both the meaning of gifts and the meaning of gifts.
In addition to the word “Talents”, Xunzi often uses “Talents”. The “Talents” chapter says: “Where does the gift come from? He said:…The previous kings were worried about the trouble, so they set up gifts and divided them. ”[3](337) Asked the source of “Gift”, the answer was called “Gift Meaning”. It can be seen that “Gift Meaning” and “Gift Meaning” have the same meaning, and the writing has changes. This situation is common in Xun’s book, and it is not a blessing. As Chen Dao said: “Therefore, when Xunzi said one word of gift, or when he said the word of gift, he did not need to be deduced by the differences in terms of language. ”[4](167) To put it in a big way, gifts may be called gifts, because the two are in the same way: meaning is to show gifts, and gifts are to act; meaning is the real truth behind gifts, and gifts are the regulatory or moral norms of meaning. In addition, Xun’s book 平台官网 also has the concepts of “Traditionality” and “benevolence and morality”. The “Buzhi” says: “The system of gifts is divided into length and shortness, and the key to the whole country, and governing the people within the sea, if one person is to make one person. ”[3](48-49) The “Greetings and Incest” chapter says: “Now, based on the ways of the previous kings and the sect of benevolence and morality, we live together to confront each other and maintain harmony. ”[3](65) Li Qingsheng pointed out that “’The ‘Type of Benevolence’ is the statute of gift”[5](67). This is true because in Xunzi, those who are used to live together and confront each other are gifts or gifts, and they will also be explained as the writing is published.
In Chinese classical philosophy, “Tao” mostly expresses the most basic principles or principles , but the most basic thing about what “Tao” is that each school is not in line with. In the “Xiebi”, Xunzi once criticized the “Tao” of various schools: Mozi is “the way of using it”, Songzi is “the way of wanting to be understood” [2], Shenzi is “the way of telling the law”, Shenzi is “the way of telling the law”, and Zhuanzi is “the way of telling the heaven” [3] (381). To use this example, Xunzi himself can be said Baocai Sweetheart Network “By the way of gift (gift)”. Chen Daqi pointed out this point when he said Xunzi: “Talent is the reality of Tao. Therefore, Tao and gift are two and one. Tao is the gift, and gift is the Tao. ”[4](168) This statement can also be used to comprehend Xunzi’s own words: “The way of the previous kings is the prosperity of benevolence, and it is better than the to cover the message board. What to say? He said: This is the meaning of gift. Tao is not the way of heaven, nor the way of earth. It is the reason why people are Tao and what correct peopleTao. ”[3](121-122) Here, “benevolence” is connected with “people”, meaning that “the way of the previous kings is the most prosperous (the highest guiding principle) in human nature”[5](131), and this way is a gift.
“Tao” is not only the most basic fact, but also an uncontained principle. In this regard, it is very similar to what Rors called “comprehensive learning” (comprehensive doctrine), “is suitable for all the subjects of individual behavior and human relations to the entire social organization, and even the common decrees”[6](13). Chen Daqi once wrote the entire body of Xunzi’s gift learning in this way: “The gifts mentioned by Xunzi are as broad as the way of governing the country, to the way of establishing a person’s character, and even the details of eating and living. Giving is not only a standard of behavior, but also a standard of thinking, saying, not only a standard of dealing with social phenomena, but also a standard of dealing with natural phenomena. Therefore, the gifts mentioned by Xunzi, Bao Luo’s various norms of words and deeds, can be said to be the general idea of all norms. ”[4](163) Therefore, the Xunshu expert Sato also said: “For Xunzi, ‘Rich’ is a elixir of all spirits. ”[7](322) Mark Berkson In his article “Xunzi as a theorist and the supporter of the gift”, Berkson listed the multi-effect of the gift: the effectiveness of creating and maintaining order, the effectiveness of cooperating with humans and nature, the effectiveness of cultivating the good morals of individuals, the effectiveness of teaching that connects people with their history and traditions, the effectiveness of expressing components or positions, the effectiveness of properly expressing emotions and attitudes, and the The aesthetic efficacy of his career, etc. [8](232-233). It can be said that Xunzi’s ethics, political philosophy, teaching, religion and aesthetics are all in his gifts. In his teachings, gifts or gifts are actually Xunzi’s preliminarily speaking.
Berksen pointed out that Xunzi’s gifts were “reflection on the back-level” (meta-level reflect) [3], he explored the origin, effectiveness, benefits, beauty and meaning of the gift [8] (233). Intense, Confucius and Mencius also reflected on the “gift” from the “post-level” perspective, as Confucius said: “What is the gift like if a person is not kind? ”[9](61) also said: “Revise people’s moral character and give them a gift. ”[9](166) Confucius’s trial used the inner benevolence to establish the increasingly emotional “gift”. Mencius said: “The heart of reincarnation is the end of gift. ”[9](239) also said: “A kindness and compassion are gifts… Benevolence and TC:
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